All necropsies were conducted within a 2-h time frame or less to avoid any potential confounding effects of fetal growth or time of day on the fetal endpoints.Manuscript includes data from previous studies. All experimental conditions within an individual experiment (3 in all) were similar.

The vehicle used to deliver DPeP was laboratory-

grade corn oil (Sigma; CAS 8001-30-7; lot # 126K0117; cat # C-8267) in

2.5 ml/kg body weight. Control animals were dosed with vehicle.

Animals were housed individually in

clear, polycarbonate cages lined with laboratory-grade heat-

treated pine shavings (Northeastern Products, Warrensburg, NY), with a 14:10

light/dark photoperiod (lights off at 19:00) at 20–24°C. Animals were fed NIH

07 breeding diet for rats and water from a municipal supply (Durham, NC),

filtered

Hannas et al. 2011a

Risk of bias

Animal bioassay experiments

HAWC