Experimental studies were conducted on white rats (males with an initial weight of about 120 g) by the method of motor-food conditioned reflexes in a labyrinth (see figure). Initially, the rats developed a positive food conditioned reflex to a red light. When the red light came on, the door of trigger cell A silently opened. The rat had to choose the shortest path through the labyrinth to a feeder, B, where it received food reinforcement - a slice of white bread. Such feeding did not satiate the rats; it was possible to repeat the experiment several times. A quantitatively positive conditioned reflex was characterized by the time of the animal's run from the triggering cell to the feeder (by a seconds timer) and, qualitatively, by the number of times the rat ran into dead ends. Conditional reflexes were considered developed if the rats responded correctly to the conditioned stimulus within 3 days in a row, did not run into the dead ends of the labyrinth, and the time of the run was close to the mean. The development of conditioned reflexes took about 3 weeks, after which the rats ran through the labyrinth, on average, in 5.2 ± 0.3 seconds. At the second stage, a conditioned inhibitory differentiation reflex to a weak buzzer sound was developed, which was not reinforced by food. The buzzer sound alternated with the red light. Having run through the labyrinth, the rat could not find food in the feeder. Differentiation was worked out by the end of the second month after the beginning of animal training. The state of a negative conditioned reflex was characterized by the number of erroneous rat exits from the cell when the inhibitory stimulus was applied.